A Model for Types and Levels of Human Interaction with Automation

Notes

## Bibliographic Reference

Parasuraman, R., Sheridan, T.B. & Wickens, C.D. (2000) 'A Model for Types and Levels of Human Interaction with Automation', *IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics — Part A: Systems and Humans*, 30(3), pp. 286–297. doi: 10.1109/3468.844354. `parasuraman2000model`

## BibTeX

```bibtex
@article{parasuraman2000model,
  author  = {Parasuraman, Raja and Sheridan, Thomas B. and Wickens, Christopher D.},
  title   = {A Model for Types and Levels of Human Interaction with Automation},
  journal = {IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics --- Part A: Systems and Humans},
  volume  = {30},
  number  = {3},
  pages   = {286--297},
  year    = {2000},
  doi     = {10.1109/3468.844354}
}
```

## Routing

- **Primary KB**: human-centered-design-kb (supervisory-control-of-automation, automation-autonomy-and-ai)
- **Cross-links**: artificial-intelligence-kb (levels of automation in AI systems; pairs with lee2004trust, bainbridge1983ironies), remote-operations-kb (function allocation in remote control)
- **Compiles to**: pending — extends [[supervisory-control-of-automation]] / [[automation-autonomy-and-ai]] with the four-stage, ten-level automation model

## Notes

HIGH-priority wanted source from `Outputs/2026-06-01_cognitive-limits-sources-research-queue.md` (Priority 4). Proposes the influential framework in which automation applies across four function classes — (1) information acquisition, (2) information analysis, (3) decision and action selection, (4) action implementation — each on a continuum of levels from fully manual to fully automatic. Human-performance consequences are the primary evaluative criteria; secondary criteria include automation reliability and the cost of decision/action consequences. Foundational for function-allocation and levels-of-automation discussions; complements Bainbridge (1983) `bainbridge1983ironies` and Lee & See (2004) `lee2004trust`.

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